Glass Fused to Steel Tanks Pros and Cons - Anaerobic Digestion

25 Aug.,2025

 

Glass Fused to Steel Tanks Pros and Cons - Anaerobic Digestion

The Pros and Cons of Tanks Made of Glass Fused to Steel

In the evolving landscape of sustainable energy solutions, biogas digesters have emerged as a pivotal technology for converting organic waste into renewable energy. Central to the efficiency and durability of these systems are the tanks that house the digestion process.

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Among the various options available, Glass Fused to Steel (GFS) tanks and Glass Fused Bolted Steel (GFBS) tanks are gaining attention for their unique combination of materials. This comprehensive guide explores the advantages and disadvantages of GFS and GFBS tanks, providing valuable insights to help you make informed decisions for your biogas projects.

Understanding Glass Fused to Steel Tanks

Glass Fused to Steel tanks are engineered by fusing glass to steel surfaces, creating a robust and corrosion-resistant barrier. This fusion process enhances the durability of the tanks, making them suitable for various industrial applications, including biogas digestion. The fusion not only improves the structural integrity of the tanks but also ensures that they can withstand the harsh environments typically associated with biogas production.

Advantages of Glass Fused to Steel Tanks

1. Enhanced Corrosion Resistance

One of the primary benefits of GFS tanks is their superior corrosion resistance. Biogas production involves the breakdown of organic materials, which can release corrosive substances like hydrogen sulfide and other acids. The glass layer acts as a protective barrier, preventing these corrosive agents from damaging the steel structure. This significantly extends the lifespan of the tanks, reducing maintenance costs and downtime.

2. High Durability and Strength

The fusion of glass fused to steel results in a tank that combines the strength of steel with the resilience of glass. This makes GFS tanks highly durable, and capable of withstanding both internal pressures from gas production and external physical impacts. The robust construction ensures that the tanks remain intact and functional over extended periods, even in demanding operational conditions.

3. Improved Hygiene and Cleanability

In biogas digester applications, maintaining hygiene is crucial to prevent contamination and ensure the efficiency of the digestion process. The glass surface is non-porous and smooth, making it easy to clean and sanitize. This reduces the risk of microbial contamination and facilitates regular maintenance, thereby enhancing the overall performance of the biogas system.

4. Aesthetic Appeal

While functionality is paramount, the aesthetic aspect of industrial equipment should not be overlooked. GFS tanks offer a sleek and modern appearance, thanks to the glass's smooth finish. This can be particularly beneficial for facilities where the equipment is visible to clients or visitors, contributing to a professional and high-quality image.

5. Chemical Resistance

Glass fused to steel tanks exhibit excellent resistance to a wide range of chemicals commonly encountered in biogas production, including acids and alkalis. This chemical resilience ensures that the tanks maintain their integrity and performance even when exposed to aggressive chemical environments, providing a reliable solution for long-term biogas operations.

Disadvantages of Glass Fused to Steel Tanks

1. Higher Initial Cost

The advanced manufacturing process involved in fusing glass to steel results in a higher initial cost compared to traditional steel tanks. This investment might be a consideration for smaller operations with limited budgets. However, the long-term benefits, such as reduced maintenance and extended lifespan, can offset the higher upfront expenses.

2. Specialized Manufacturing Requirements

Producing GFS tanks requires specialized equipment and expertise to ensure the proper fusion of glass and steel. This can limit the availability of suppliers and may lead to longer lead times for manufacturing and delivery. Ensuring that you work with experienced manufacturers is essential to achieving the desired quality and performance.

3. Potential for Glass Damage

While the glass layer provides significant protection, it is not impervious to all forms of damage. Physical impacts or stresses beyond the design specifications can potentially crack or chip the glass, compromising the tank's integrity. Proper handling and installation are crucial to minimize the risk of damage during transportation and setup.

4. Thermal Expansion Considerations

Thermal expansion differences between glass and steel can pose challenges in certain environments. Fluctuations in temperature may cause the materials to expand or contract at different rates, potentially leading to stress points or micro-cracks over time. Addressing these considerations in the design phase is vital to ensuring the longevity of GFS tanks.

Advantages of GF Bolted Steel Tanks

Glass Fused Bolted Steel (GFBS) tanks incorporate bolted connections, offering additional flexibility and ease of maintenance. These tanks combine the benefits of glass fusion with the practicality of bolted steel construction, making them a popular choice for various industrial applications.

1. Ease of Maintenance and Repair

The bolted connections in GFBS tanks allow for easier disassembly and reassembly, facilitating maintenance and repairs. In the event of glass damage or other issues, individual sections can be replaced without the need for complete tank replacement. This modularity enhances the overall maintainability of the tanks and reduces downtime.

2. Versatile Installation Options

GFBS tanks offer greater versatility in installation due to their bolted design. They can be assembled in different configurations to accommodate varying space requirements and operational needs. This adaptability makes them suitable for a wide range of biogas digestion setups, from small-scale installations to large industrial systems.

3. Improved Structural Flexibility

The bolted connections provide a level of structural flexibility that welded tanks may lack. This can be advantageous in environments where tanks are subject to shifting loads or dynamic forces. The ability to adjust and reinforce connections as needed contributes to the overall resilience of the system.

4. Enhanced Customization

Bolted steel tanks allow for more customization options compared to monolithic welded tanks. Manufacturers can tailor the design to meet specific client requirements, including size, shape, and additional features. This customization ensures that the tanks align perfectly with the operational needs of the biogas facility.

Disadvantages of GF Bolted Steel Tanks

1. Increased Potential for Leaks

While bolted connections offer flexibility, they also introduce potential points of vulnerability where leaks can occur. Ensuring that all connections are properly sealed and maintained is essential to prevent gas or liquid leaks, which can impact the efficiency and safety of the biogas system.

2. Complexity in Construction

GFBS tanks require precise engineering and construction to ensure that the bolted connections remain secure under operational stresses. This complexity can lead to longer construction times and necessitate skilled labour, potentially increasing the overall cost and timeline of the project.

3. Weight Considerations

The combination of glass and steel, along with the additional hardware required for bolted connections, can result in heavier tanks compared to some other materials. This increased weight may require more robust support structures and can impact transportation and installation processes.

4. Maintenance of Bolted Connections

Bolted connections require regular inspection and maintenance to ensure their integrity. Over time, bolts can loosen due to vibrations or thermal cycling, necessitating periodic tightening or replacement. Failure to maintain these connections can compromise the tank's performance and safety.

Comparative Analysis: GFS vs. GF Bolted Steel Tanks

When deciding between GFS and GFBS tanks for biogas digestion, it's essential to consider the specific needs and constraints of your project. Here's a comparative overview to aid in your decision-making process:

FeatureGlass Fused to Steel (GFS)Glass Fused Bolted Steel (GFBS)Corrosion ResistanceExcellentExcellentDurabilityHighHighMaintenance EaseModerateHighInitial CostHigher than traditional coatingsHigher than traditional coatingsCustomizationLimitedHighPotential for LeaksLowHigher due to bolted connectionsInstallation FlexibilityLowHighRepairabilityLowerHigher due to modular design

Factors to Consider When Choosing Between GFS and GFBS Tanks

1. Project Scale and Budget

For larger projects with higher budgets, the added benefits of GFBS tanks, such as ease of maintenance and customization, may provide significant value. Smaller operations might prefer the straightforward durability of GFS tanks if initial costs are a primary concern.

2. Maintenance Capabilities

Assess your ability to perform regular maintenance and inspections. GFBS tanks require more frequent attention to bolted connections, which may necessitate trained personnel and a structured maintenance schedule.

3. Environmental Conditions

Consider the environmental factors where the tanks will be installed. If your facility experiences significant temperature fluctuations or dynamic loads, the structural flexibility of GFBS tanks may offer better performance.

4. Longevity and Lifecycle Costs

Evaluate the long-term costs associated with each tank type, including maintenance, potential repairs, and replacement. GFS tanks, with their robust corrosion resistance, may offer lower lifecycle costs despite higher initial investments.

Installation Best Practices

Proper installation is crucial to maximizing the benefits of Glass Fused to Steel and GFBS tanks. Here are some best practices to ensure optimal performance and longevity:

  1. Professional Assessment: Conduct a thorough assessment of your site and operational requirements with the help of experienced professionals to determine the most suitable tank type.
  • Quality Manufacturing: Partner with reputable manufacturers who have proven expertise in producing high-quality GFS and GFBS tanks. Ensure that they adhere to industry standards and quality control measures.
  • Secure Foundations: Install tanks on stable and level foundations to prevent undue stress and movement. Proper support structures are essential to maintain structural integrity.
  • Environmental Controls: Implement measures to control temperature and exposure to harsh chemicals, further protecting the tank's glass and steel components.
  • Regular Inspections: Establish a routine inspection schedule to monitor the condition of the tanks, focusing on potential signs of wear, corrosion, or damage to the glass layer.

Case Studies: Successful Implementations

Case Study 1: Agricultural Biogas Plant

A medium-sized agricultural biogas plant opted for Glass Fused Bolted Steel tanks due to their ease of maintenance and customization options. The facility required tanks of varying sizes to accommodate different stages of the digestion process. The modular design of GFBS tanks allowed for seamless expansion as the plant scaled up its operations. Regular maintenance procedures ensured that the bolted connections remained secure, resulting in consistent biogas production and minimal downtime.

Case Study 2: Industrial Waste Management Facility

An industrial waste management facility chose Glass Fused to Steel tanks to handle high volumes of corrosive waste. The exceptional corrosion resistance of GFS tanks prevented degradation of the steel components, even when exposed to aggressive acids and hydrogen sulfide. The durable construction reduced the need for frequent replacements, leading to significant cost savings over the tank's lifecycle. Additionally, the smooth glass surfaces facilitated easy cleaning, maintaining high hygiene standards.

Future Trends in Glass-Fused Tank Technology

The field of glass-fused tank technology is continually advancing, with ongoing research aimed at enhancing performance and reducing costs. Future developments may include:

  • Advanced Glass Compositions: Innovations in glass formulations could further improve corrosion resistance and durability, expanding the applicability of GFS tanks in more demanding environments.
  • Smart Monitoring Systems: Integrating sensors and IoT technology into tanks for real-time monitoring of structural integrity, gas production, and environmental conditions could optimize maintenance schedules and enhance operational efficiency.
  • Sustainable Manufacturing Practices: Efforts to reduce the environmental footprint of glass fusion processes through the use of recycled materials and energy-efficient manufacturing techniques are gaining momentum.

Quality Assurance and Standards for Glass-Fused-To-Steel Bolted Tanks

Engineers and industry professionals all over the world are opting for glass-fused-to-steel tanks. These defect-resistant storage tanks will give decades of trouble-free operation in difficult conditions. But, tanks glass fused do need to be built using this unique glass-fused-to-steel technology and controlled for the highest quality by ISO certification.

When well manufactured, porcelain-enamelled tanks never need recoating.

While steel, aluminium, cast iron, copper, and brass can all be used as glass coating substrates, porcelain enamelled tanks are made of steel. The type of steel used is usually determined by the tank's size requirements. The larger tanks may need a tougher grade of steel.

Delivering Quality Glass-Fused-to-Steel Tanks

But only purchase from manufacturers who offer ISO certification, which entails more than 16 standard examinations before units are approved for sale. Glass Fused to Steel tanks are ideal for the containment of potable, municipal, agricultural, and industrial fluids because of their low maintenance requirements and inherent resistance to contamination.

Erection of Bolted Steel Panels and the Construction of a Base Slab

The top GFS Tank suppliers and erectors provide a full service, from foundation installation through sidewall erection and roof construction.

When compared to in-situ cast concrete options, tanks are typically constructed in a week or two, including roofs or domes, saving the owner significant money on onsite labour expenditures.

The Ultimate Flat Pack!

Tanks are supplied flat-packed to the construction site for simple transport and handling.

The main components of the kit are the glass-fused-to-steel panels, which are ready to bolt together and include any custom cut-outs for nozzles, manways, and other accessories as needed.

Building crews educated and certified in the erection process are provided by the leading firms, ensuring the same level of quality control in the field as in the factory. The panels are bolted together and sealed with a high-performance seal that is appropriate for the substance being stored.

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Bolt Head Protection

To protect the bolt heads from corrosion in the process environment, they are all plastic-capped.

The bolt head seals the shank and protects it from contact with process fluids by squeezing mastic between the panels.

For the building of these tanks, only properly trained erectors should be used. This isn't something that can be accomplished efficiently with general on-site labour.

Making the Right Choice for Your Biogas Project

Selecting the appropriate tank type is a critical decision that impacts the efficiency, safety, and cost-effectiveness of your biogas project. By carefully evaluating the pros and cons of Glass Fused to Steel and Glass Fused Bolted Steel tanks, you can choose the solution that best aligns with your operational needs and long-term goals.

Contact Us Today

Ready to enhance your biogas digestion system with top-of-the-line glass-fused tanks? Our expert team is here to guide you through the selection, installation, and maintenance process. Contact us today to discuss your project requirements and discover how our Glass Fused to Steel and Glass Fused Bolted Steel tanks can optimize your renewable energy operations.

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Learn more about our comprehensive range of biogas solutions, including tank installation, maintenance packages, and customized system designs. Visit our services page or reach out to our specialists for personalized support.

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Bio-Energy GFS Tanks Conclusion

Liquid storage tanks are available in a variety of forms and capacities ranging from hundreds to millions of gallons to fulfil the most demanding storage requirements. GFS tanks or tanks glass fused are the most popular single tank type.

Many biogas plant experts do say that Glass Fused to Steel Tanks are a good choice for CSTRs and many other “wet process” anaerobic digestion process operations.

In fact, no other tank can compete with this one when it comes to holding aggressive liquids like digestate or wastewater, since the tank covering is resistant to chemical attacks that would otherwise destroy and ruin other tanks.

While both options come with their own set of advantages and challenges, understanding their unique characteristics ensures that you make an informed choice tailored to your specific needs.

Embrace the future of sustainable energy with glass-fused tank technology and propel your biogas projects to new heights of success.

[First published on 20 September . Updated March .]

Glass Fused To Steel Bolted Storage Tanks Manufacturer - CST

Glass Fused To Steel Bolted Storage Tanks  – Never Need Painting

Glass-fused-to-steel (porcelain enamel) is a single source strong, integrated porcelain enamel and steel material fused together at over ° F, creating a hard inert, inorganic coating that NEVER needs painting.  CST’s glass-fused-to-steel is the premium technology in the tank market.  The interior of all glass-fused-to-steel tanks feature VITRIUM™ coating technology enhanced with titanium dioxide (Ti02) for the toughest glass available. 

CST’s VITRIUM coating is the world’s leading glass-fused-to-steel process for bolted storage tanks and has been field proven for more than 69 years.  Along with VITRIUM coating, CST now offers EDGECOAT® II, the continuous innovative EDGECOAT technology and the ONLY process in the world that provides optimum glass encapsulation on all (4) sides of the sheet edges.  VITRIUM coating features and benefits include:

  • Tough Ti02 glass formulations provides longer life
  • White interior is easier to inspect than darker coatings
  • Factory certified holiday-free sheets
  • Designed for use in both cold and hot climates
  • Designed, fabricated, shipped and supported within the USA

EDGECOAT II is a result of CST’s commitment to an ongoing product development and improvement program.  This continuous innovative EDGECOAT technology is the ONLY process in the world that provides optimum glass encapsulation on all (4) four sides of the sheet edges.  CST took the best EDGECOAT technology in the world and made it better with EDGECOAT II.

Following Porcelain Enameling Institute guidelines (PEI-101), EDGECOAT II sheets are mechanically rounded to specific radii that provides maximum glass adhesion to steel.  The combination delivers the maximum corrosion resistance of VITRIUM glass coating with the greatest protection on every sheet.

  • Highest quality finish
  • Glass is applied on all (4) sides of the sheet offering the greatest protection
  • No sharp edges on tank sheets, eliminating safety hazards
  • Edges are engineered to ensure optimum radii for each individual gauge of steel providing the maximum and consistent glass edge
  • 5 mils of glass encapsulation on every sheet edge

Download Edgecoat II Technical Data Sheet

VITRIUM is our proprietary titanium Dioxide (TiO2) glassing process applied in a 3-coat, 1-fire (3c1f) process procedure. VITRIUM coating is also produced in a 3-coat, 2-fire (3c2f) process primarily when special colors are requested or thicker layers of glass are required.

The CST proprietary VITRIUM glass-fused-to-steel process provides:

  • Longer tank life
  • Base coat of glass frit containing nickel oxide ensures consistent quality
  • Maximum coating effectiveness without requiring excess coating thickness in order to provide the needed durability at competitive pricing
  • Unique process technologies and voltage testing on all interior side wall sheets provide a factory certified 100% holiday free surface.

The combination of glass quality and glass thickness provide the assurance that over 69 years of experience and over 100,000 structures successfully installed around the world will continue with each and every new structure installed.

Titanium Dioxide (TiO2)

In CST, formerly Engineered Storage Products, launched an R&D project to develop a process for the direct application of our proprietary Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) Glass.  The result is a totally new, patented “3-coat, 1-fire” (3c1f) process for applying TiO2 Glass.

TiO2 is a very common ingredient used by many coating manufacturers for various reasons:

    • It is considered inert and at high level in porcelain enamel, gives unique properties.
    • In the case of the interior VITRIUM coating, with its higher percentage of TiO2 in the final white layer, allows CST to provide an exceptional enamel surface.
    • During firing, the white layer’s higher viscosity has the effect of controlling bubble structure in addition to making the top TiO2 rich layer harder, more chemical resistant and the bubble structure finer.  This high TiO2 content is unique to AQUASTORE® and provides exceptional properties to fit colder conditions common to the North American market.

As a result of using higher amounts of TiO2 in the final white layer, a unique visual marker on the glass known as “VITRIUM threading” becomes apparent.  This is caused by thicker areas of the top white layer interspersed with thinner areas allowing the underlying bluecoat to show through opaquely.  This immediately identifies the coating as VITRIUM.

Manufacturing Excellence

CST’s DeKalb facility is ISO : quality system certified.  Engineers design tanks for a wide range of standards including AWWA D103 Standard for Bolted Steel Water Storage Tanks, AISC, FM codes and NFPA Standard 22.  Additionally, glass coatings meet ANSI/NSF Standard 61 requirements for indirect additives, making AQUASTORE®, HARVESTORE® and SLURRYSTORE® tanks ideal for liquid, feed, manure storage and digesters processes.  Most importantly, extreme pride is taken in craftsmanship for a tank that endures the test of time.

From the automated manufacturing processes through the stage-by-stage inspection and even down to careful inspection of the glass. Our glass-fused-to-steel quality is the best in the industry.  The best proof of the precision of CST’s manufacturing procedures can be seen in the thousands of tank installations around the world.

Glass-Fused-To-Steel Process

Glass-fused-to-steel is the premium technology in the tank market.  The factory-applied silica glass coating on AQUASTORE, HARVESTORE, SLURRYSTORE and NUTRISTORE tanks forms a hard, inert barrier for both the interior and exterior tank surfaces to guard against weather and corrosion.  Glass-fused-to-steel is impermeable to liquids and vapors, controls undercutting caused by corrosion and offers excellent impact and abrasion resistance.  The color won’t fade or chalk and most graffiti can easily be removed.  It NEVER needs painting!

    • Fabricated sheets are grit blasted to a uniform, near-white surface
    • Proprietary formulations of borosilicate, minerals, water and clays are blended into a sprayable slurry called “slip”
    • After inspection, the slurry is fused to the steel sheets at temperatures above 1,500° F to produce the distinctive glossy Aquastore finish
    • The molten glass reacts with the profiled steel surface to form an inert, inorganic chemical and mechanical bond

VITRIUM Coating Glass Finish

New process technology has resulted in the development of CST’s newest glass innovation – VITRIUM coating.  This coating combines the outstanding chemical and physical resistant properties of Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) saturated glass with a highly engineered ultra-fine glass structure surface to create a high-performance glass-fused-to-steel technology.  VITRIUM coating features and benefits include:

  • Tough TiO2 glass formulations provide longer life
  • Electrostatic base coat application ensures consistent quality
  • Maximum coating effectiveness without requiring increased coating thickness
  • Unique process technologies provide factory certified “holiday free” sheets
  • Process efficiencies lead to competitive pricing
  • Ideal for both cold and hot climates

Color Options

AQUASTORE glass coatings are available in standard cobalt blue or four other premium exterior colors.  Forest green, sky blue, desert tan or white premium colors are available at an additional cost. Inquire for custom colors.

History of Glass-Fused-To-Steel

CST (formerly A.O. Smith) first discovered the methodology of controlling corrosion by fusing glass to steel in the s.  The technology was initially used in the brewing and hot water heater industries.  While other uses for glass-fused-to-steel were explored, the first glass-fused-to-steel tank went into service in as a HARVESTORE silo.  This agricultural use to store feed while retaining quality has been widely used for almost 69 years.

In the s, our Municipal and Industrial Division was formed and we subsequently launched AQUASTORE tanks for water, wastewater and other industrial liquid uses.  Since , more than 100,000 AQUASTORE, HARVESTORE, SLURRYSTORE and NUSTRISTORE glass-fused-to-steel tanks have been installed in over 70 countries around the world.